“The
Future Universe Time-Line"
by: R.
Kawecki
The
last event in the Cosmos never predicted by its people to ever to occur
Some call a perdiction made is a Phophecy. In
physical cosmology, first light refers to the light emitted from the first
generation of stars formed less than a billion years after the big bang, which
brought to an end the cosmological Dark Ages. But first light is actually a perdiction made that explains light that manifested through a black hole that emitted the spreading eruption as in slow motion that shows the first deity of the universes creation into existence. Researching the explosion of a dense 10 +1020cm bang comparison with a small mesquito the time the explosion occured at in milliseconds seems like a light year bloomatic event. Current theory is divided on whether
the first stars were very massive or not - theories proposed in 2009 and 2011
suggest the first star groups might have consisted of a massive star surrounded
by several smaller stars a group governed by a nucleus star. One theory, which
seems to be borne out by computer models of star formation, is that with no
heavy elements and a much warmer interstellar medium from the Big Bang, it was
easy to form stars with much greater total mass than the ones visible.
The
Dark Ages are currently thought to have lasted between 150 million to 800
million years after the Big Bang. The October 2010 discovery of UDFy-38135539,
the first observed galaxy to have existed during the following deionization
epoch, gives us a window into these times. The galaxy earliest in this period
observed and thus also the most distant galaxy ever observed is currently on
the record they found the galaxy UDFj-39546284 to be at a time some 480 million
years after the Big Bang or about halfway through the Cosmic Dark Ages at a
distance of about 13.2 billion light-years. More recently, the UDFj-39546284
galaxy was found to be around "380 million years" after the Big Bang
and at a distance of 13.37 billion light-years.
Hydrogen
and helium atoms begin to form as the density of the Universe falls. This is
thought to have occurred about 377,000 years after the Big Bang. Hydrogen and
helium are at the beginning ionized, i.e., no electrons are bound to the
nuclei, which (containing positively charged protons) are therefore
electrically charged (+1 and +2 respectively). As the Universe cools down, the
electrons get captured by the ions, forming electrically neutral atoms. This
process is relatively fast (and faster for the helium than for the hydrogen),
and is known as recombination. At the end of recombination, most of the protons
in the Universe are bound up in neutral atoms.
Structure
formation in the big bang model proceeds hierarchically, with smaller
structures forming before larger ones. The first structures to form are
quasars, which are thought to be bright, early active galaxies.
We
see in the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation, after being greatly
cooled by the expansion of the Universe. Around the same time, existing
pressure waves within the electron-baryon plasma — known as baryon acoustic
oscillations — became embedded in the distribution of matter as it condensed,
giving rise to a very slight preference in distribution of large scale objects.
Therefore the cosmic microwave background is a picture of the Universe at the
end of this epoch including the tiny fluctuations generated during inflation
(see diagram), and the spread of objects such as galaxies in the Universe.
The
Solar System began forming about 4.6 billion years ago, or about 9 billion
years after the Big Bang. A fragment of a molecular cloud made mostly of
hydrogen and traces of other elements began to collapse, forming a large sphere
in the center which would become the Sun, as well as a surrounding disk. The
surrounding accretion disk would coalesce into a multitude of smaller objects
that would become planets, asteroids, and comets. The Sun is a late-generation
star, and the Solar System incorporates matter created by previous generations
of stars.
The
Big Bang is estimated to have occurred about 13.8 billion years ago.[35] Since
the expansion of the Universe appears to be accelerating, its large-scale
structure is likely to be the largest structure that will ever form in the
Universe. The present accelerated expansion prevents any more inflationary
structures entering the horizon and prevents new gravitationally bound
structures from forming.
Over
a timescale of a billion years or more, the Earth and Solar System are
unstable. Earth's existing biosphere is expected to vanish in about a billion
years, as the Sun's heat production gradually increases to the point that
liquid water and life are unlikely; the Earth's magnetic fields, axial tilt and
atmosphere are subject to long term change; and the Solar System itself is
chaotic over million- and billion-year timescales; Eventually in around 5.4
billion years from now, the core of the Sun will become hot enough to trigger
hydrogen fusion in its surrounding shell. This will cause the outer layers of
the star to expand greatly, and the star will enter a phase of its life in
which it is called a red giant. Within 7.5 billion years, the Sun will have
expanded to a radius of 1.2 AU—256 times its current size, and studies
announced in 2008 show that due to tidal interaction between Sun and Earth,
Earth would actually fall back into a lower orbit, and get engulfed and
incorporated inside the Sun before the Sun reaches its largest size, despite the
Sun losing about 38% of its mass. The Sun itself will continue to exist for
many billions of years, passing through a number of phases, and eventually
ending up as a long-lived white dwarf. Eventually, after billions more years,
the Sun will finally cease to shine altogether, becoming a black dwarf.
Big Rip: = 20 billion years from now
This
scenario is possible only if the energy density of dark energy actually
increases without limit over time. Such dark energy is called phantom energy
and is unlike any known kind of energy. Phantom energy is layered by a fabric surface
tension where above this surface exists a free openness. It can be imagined
with our planet earth. The surface is the planet ground where we stand as
inhabitances’ having a clear blue sky above us. Above that of course is the
outer realm space itself. In this analogy, the expansion rate of the Universe
will increase without limit.
A
newer present 2015 theory called “Quanta Physics Theory “asserts and steps in
with this analogy about the end of the universe illustrating its new discovery
that shows that the universe expansion rate is now identified as it wasn't before
this year. In this new theory the universe’s expansion rate is now measured at length at 450,000 miles a
second. A number and velocity much faster than light. If the mathematics are founded and true then the speed of a material particle is not constant as science perdicts today. Using the flow of the universes inflation rate if the flow of expansion
is consistent and there exist no contradictive theory to say it isn’t – then the universe
expansion does not increase over time. It is believed that the expansion rate
velocity of the universe’s expansion has been the same since it first began
13.6 billion years ago and broke away through the fabric and will never change. When a man blows up a balloon the flow of pressure he uses is constant until it is relieved. With this new evidence in Quanta
Physics Theory we reside on the outside of the Hubble balloon not inside it.
Any rapid change in the universe would have to occur from the inside of the
bubble inflation causing the whole bubble to collapse or explode venturing the end of the
universe in this way.
Gravitationally
bound systems, such as clusters of galaxies, galaxies, and ultimately the Solar
System will not be torn apart as first thought. For gravitational collapse to
occur the expansion rate has to change.
In any event it’s more likely that the
pressure that is expanding the universe will slow down rather than speed up out
of control. Gravitational collapse here illustrates the rushing of the water
from a sink pressure handle turned up and would mean there is an increase in
the proceeding pressure force. In all likelihood it’s more likely to run out of
pressure from the source rather than a rapid increase. The pressure illuminating the bubble comes from a source most likely holding a near constant pressure atmosphere.
With a rapid phantom energy dark energy increasing eventually the expansion will have
to be so rapid as to overcome the electromagnetic forces holding molecules and
atoms together. As a whole the universe like the black holes that exist at the
center of the galaxies the universe has to have a place the pressure is
entering the bubble that causes its expansion in the first place so we should assume
that like the galaxies the universe has an open valve or black hole for a
pressure entre point.
It
is most likely rapid expansion will not be the manner the universe ends. Finally even atomic nuclei will be
torn apart and the Universe as we know it will end in an unusual kind of
gravitational singularity. At the time of this singularity, the expansion rate
of the Universe will reach infinity, so that any and all forces (no matter how strong)
that hold composite objects together (no matter how closely) will be overcome
by this expansion, literally tearing everything apart. Chunks of matter will reside in a zero point environment and all life will die away.
Big Crunch: = 102 billion years from now
If
the energy densities of dark energy were negative or the Universe were closed,
then it would be possible that the expansion of the Universe would reverse and
the Universe would contract towards a hot, dense state. This is a required
element of oscillatory universe scenarios, such as the cyclic model, although a
Big Crunch does not necessarily imply an oscillatory Universe. Current
observations suggest that this model of the Universe is unlikely to be correct,
and the expansion will continue or even accelerate.
Big Freeze: = 105 billion years from now
Future of an expanding universe and Heat
death of the universe
This
scenario is generally considered to be the most likely, as it occurs if the
Universe continues expanding as it has been. Over a time scale on the order of
1014 years or less, existing stars burn out, stars cease to be created, and the
Universe goes dark. Over a much longer time scale in the eras following this,
the galaxy evaporates as the stellar remnants comprising it escape into space,
and black holes evaporate via Hawking radiation. In some grand unified
theories, proton decay after at least 1034 years will convert the remaining
interstellar gas and stellar remnants into leptons (such as positrons and
electrons) and photons. Some positrons and electrons will then recombine into
photons. In this case, the Universe has reached a high-entropy state consisting
of a bath of particles and low-energy radiation. It is not known however
whether it eventually achieves thermodynamic equilibrium.
Heat Death: 101000 years from now
Heat
death of the universe
The heat death is a possible final state of
the Universe, estimated at after 101000 years, in which it has "run
down" to a state of no thermodynamic free energy to sustain motion or
life. In physical terms, it has reached maximum entropy (because of this, the
term "entropy" has often been confused with Heat Death, to the point
of entropy being labeled as the "force killing the universe"). The
hypothesis of a universal heat death stems from the 1850s ideas of William
Thomson (Lord Kelvin) who extrapolated the theory of heat views of mechanical
energy loss in nature, as embodied in the first two laws of thermodynamics, to
universal operation.
Vacuum meta-stability event
False
vacuum
If
our universe is in a very long-lived false vacuum, it is possible that a small
region of the Universe will tunnel into a lower energy state (see Bubble
nucleation). If this happens, all structures within will be destroyed
instantaneously and the region will expand at near light speed, bringing
destruction without any forewarning.
While
predictions of the future can never be absolutely certain present scientific
understanding in various fields has allowed a projected course for the farthest
future events to be sketched out, if only in the broadest strokes. These fields
include astrophysics, which has revealed how planets and stars form, interact,
and die; particle physics, which has revealed how matter behaves at the
smallest scales; evolutionary biology, which predicts how life will evolve over
time; and plate tectonics, which show how continents shift over millennia.
All
predictions of the future of the Earth, the Solar System, and the Universe must
account for the second law of thermodynamics, which states that entropy, or a
loss of the energy available to do work, must increase over time. Stars
eventually must exhaust their supply of hydrogen fuel and burn out. Close
encounters will gravitationally fling planets from their star systems, and star
systems from galaxies. Eventually, matter itself will come under the influence
of radioactive decay, as even the most stable materials break apart into
subatomic particles. Current data suggests that the Universe is flat, and thus,
will not collapse in on itself after a finite time, and the infinite future
potentially allows for the occurrence of a number of massively improbable
events, such as the formation of a Boltzmann Brain.
The
timelines displayed here cover events from roughly eight thousand years from
now to the farthest reaches of future time.
The
ultimate fate of the Universe is a topic in physical cosmology. Many possible
fates are predicted by rival scientific hypotheses, including futures of both
finite and infinite duration.
Once
the notion that the Universe started with a rapid inflation nicknamed the Big
Bang became accepted by the majority of scientists, the ultimate fate of the
Universe became a valid cosmological question, one depending upon the physical
properties of the mass/energy in the Universe, its average density, and the rate
of expansion (450,000 miles per second each second) 2½ degrees is the Kawecki light speed constant.
There
is a growing consensus among cosmologists that the Universe is flat and will
continue to expand forever. The ultimate fate of the Universe is dependent on
the shape of the Universe and what role dark energy will play as the Universe
ages.
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